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Components Of The CPU And Identification

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In the below sections, we are going to see the components of the CPU and identification.

A Central Processing Unit is a full form of CPU form. It is also called a central processor or main processor. also, It is the electronic circuitry within a computer that executes instructions that make up a computer program.

Secondly, The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) op[erations specified by the instructions.

Registers

Registers are small holding areas of the processor chip. Secondly, Register holds data such as

  1. Counters,
  2. Data,
  3. Instructions,
  4. Addresses ALU (Arithmetic and Logical Unit).

Processor internal memory caches (L1, L2, L3)

Processor internal memory caches hold data and instructions also, ALU processes these instructions and data.

Busses

Basically, Busses are a component in the CPU that carries data and instructions. There are 3 kinds of buses in CPU:

  1. Front Side Bus (FSB)
  2. Internal Bus
  3. Back Side Bus

Processor Frequency (Speed)

Processor frequencies are the speed at which a processor operates internally.

 

What CPU Needs To Work

CPU needs the following 5 things to work:

voltages

There are voltages like DDR power, VTT power (system), CORE voltage & GFX voltages are used.

Power Good

Power Good is confirming the signal to inform the CPU that all power is stable.

RESET

RESET is a signal which clears all junk information.

CLOCK

The clock is a timing signal in form of frequency.

DMI

Firstly, the DMI bus gets activated after the CPU receives all the above signals. Then DMI bus access PCH.

You can also check for other kinds of checks that need to motherboard run.

 

Identification Of Intel CPU

A sSpec number is a specification number. It’s a fixed character string printed on the processor and used for identification. Secondly, By looking at the markings on the processor you can find the sSpec number. Moreover, SL36W and XL2XL are some of the examples of sSpec numbers.

You can also check how to identify components in the laptop motherboard which will be useful when you open the motherboard of the laptop/desktop for finding the CPU.

 

CPU Types And Sockets

Motherboards are subcategorized by the type of processor socket they have. Secondly, The processor socket (also called a CPU socket) is the connector on the motherboard that houses a CPU and forms the electrical interface and contact with the CPU. Finally, There is their type of CPU sockets are given below:

1. PGA :

In this PGA-type processor, sockets use a pin grid array (PGA). Secondly, we say their socket is PGA where pins on the outside of the processor are connected to holders in the processor socket.

2. LGA :

Land Grid Array (LGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging for CHIPS that is notable for having the pins on the socket (when the socket is used) rather than the integrated circuit. An LGA can be electrically connected to a printed circuit board (PCB) either by the use of a socket or by soldering directly to the board.

3. BGA :

Ball grid array (BGA) is a type of surface-mount packaging ( a chip carrier) used for integrated circuits. Second, BGA packages are used to permanently mount devices such as processors.

 

 

CPU Generations And Sockets

CPU generations get change according to the years they were manufactured. So there are given below CPU sockets and their generation Intel code names and supported PCH.

1. LGA 775 :

LGA 775 is a dual-core, core 2 due or quad-core CPU. It is used in

  1. G31,
  2. G41 motherboard.

2. LGA 1156 :

LGA 1156 is the core 1st generation CPU. Secondly, It is also called Westmere or Clarkdale. It is used in

  1. H55,
  2. P55,
  3. H57,
  4. Q57 motherboards.

3. LGA 1155 :

LGA 1156 is the 2nd and 3rd generation CPU. Secondly, It is also known as Sandy Bridge or Ivy Bridge. It is used in

  1. H61,
  2. H67,
  3. P67,
  4. Z68,
  5. B75,
  6. Q75,
  7. Z75,
  8. H77,
  9. Q77,
  10. Z77 motherboards.

4. LGA 1150

LGA 1150 is the 4th and 5th generation CPU. It is also known as Haswell or Broadwell. It is used in

  1. H81,
  2. B85,
  3. Q85,
  4. H87,
  5. Z87,
  6. Z97,
  7. H97 motherboards.

5. LGA 1151

LGA 1151 is used for 6th generation up to 9th generation CPU.

6th generation Skylake CPU uses :

  1. H110,
  2. B150,
  3. Q150,
  4. H170, and
  5. Z170 motherboards

7th generation Kaby Lake uses :

  1. B250,
  2. Q250,
  3. H270,
  4. Z270 motherboards.

8th generation Coffee Lake / Ice Lake CPU uses :

  1. H310,
  2. B365,
  3. B360,
  4. H370,
  5. C246,
  6. Q370,
  7. Z390 motherboards.

 

 

Types of sockets:

1. mPGA478MT (Socket M)

mPGA478MT socket uses intel core solo, intel core duo, intel dual-core Xeon, and intel core 2 duo processors.

2. mPGA478MN (Socket P)

mPGA478MN socket uses intel core 2 processors.

3. Socket 479

Socket 479 socket uses Intel Pentium M and Intel Celeron M processors.

4. Socket 478MB

Socket 478MB socket uses Celeron Pentium 4 Pentium 4-M processors.

5. Core I CPU Sockets

rPGA989, rPGA988A, rPGA988B are some of G1,G2,G3 generations sockets names.

So in this way, we learned about components of the CPU and identification.

 

 

Also can do  hot and cold testing which is part of doing laptop chip level repairing or desktop chip level repairing.

 

 

 

 

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How To Repair A Dead Desktop

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In this section, we will get to have a guide for repair a dead desktop. how to repair a dead desktop? is one of the most asked questions asked by newcomers in the laptop/desktop repair industry.

There are different steps we can check for a guide to repair a dead desktop.

Step 1. Check #VSB Supply Coming On SIO for repairing motherboard

Firstly check whether the 3 VSB supply is getting reached to SIO. If it is not coming then check whether 5volt coming from SMPS purple wire. If not then check SMPS, or there is a possibility is that the 3volt regulator is bad.

Step 2. Check whether the RSMRST signal is coming on SIO for the dead motherboard

Secondly, if the 3VSB supply is coming on SIO Pin then check whether the RSMRST signal is coming on SIO. If it’s not coming then there is SIO of your computer is bad.

Step 3. RTC Clock On PCH on a desktop motherboard

In the third step for dead desktop repair checking and repair check for RTC clock signal is coming on SIO. If it is not coming then replace and check the 32.7khz crystal. IF even if the RTC clock signal is not coming then Replace PCH.

Step 4. Check RTCRST SIgnal

Check there the RTCRST signal is coming as the RTCRST signal is very important in desktop repairing check. RSMRST stands for ResumeReset Signal.

Step 5. SLP_S3 (SUSB) is coming on SIO

SLP_S3 stands for Sleep S3 signal. It is important to signal for the desktop to work. Check where it is coming from on the SIO pin. If it is not coming check the DPWROK signal to PCH. Then, If it is coming then replace PCH. Finally, If it’s not coming then replace SIO.

Step 6. PSON Signal Going To SMPS on a desktop motherboard

Even if the SLP_S3 signal is coming properly and the desktop is not starting then check for the PSON signal. Check whether the PSON signal is going to SMPS. If it is not going to SPMS replace SIO.

Step 7. Replace SMPS

Finally, if nothing works from the previous steps then replace SMPS. This is the final step of repairing a dead desktop repairing.

Learning Further For Chip Level Repairing

There is a basic guide for desktop repairing guide and some schematics diagrams available which you can use to trace the current flow.

Also, you can do repairing for laptop motherboard for basic repair and advance /chip level repair.

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Desktop Motherboard Repair

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This section describes a desktop motherboard repair help guide. There are three main components responsible to turn on the motherboard. In the chip level repair guide for desktops, there are given signal names within the motherboard, also their flow is given in the below steps. All these signals flow come one after another in desktop motherboard repairing. All these signals you can check on SIO pins. So we will see these signals and their descriptions in this desktop chip level repair help guide.

Step 1. 5VSB Signal

Standby 5 volt coming from SMPS on purple wire.

Step 2. 3VSB Signal & VCCDSW3 Signal

3 volt going to Super I/O (SIO) on its VSB pin and PCH VCCDSW3_3.

Step 3. DPWROK Signal

Super I/O (SIO) sends this signal to PCH 3 volt signal.

STEP 4. SLP_SUS Signal

PCH responds after sending this signal and acknowledges the power when received.

Step 5. RSMRST Signal

Resume and reset signal to PCH which is sent by SIO.

Step 6. SLP_S3(SUSB) Signal

PCH sends this signal to SIO resuming power.

Step 7. PANSW Signal

It is a power switch signal in SMPS. It is very important for a signal for SMPS to start.

Step 8. PWRON Signal

Power button informing PCH that power button has been pressed.

Step 9. PSON Signal

Finally, this signal sends zero volts to SMPS to start.

Steps To Check CPU Core Section Working For Desktop Motherboards

The steps are also known as a flow chart. These steps are given below.

CPU Core Voltage Not Coming

Firstly check for the CPU core voltage is coming or not. This voltage consists of a 1volt load and approx 30-ampere current. You can check it on capacitors nearby.

Check VR ON Signal Coming

VR ON signal comes on VRM CHIP. Check whether that VR ON signal is coming or not.

Check NTC Signal And CPU Sense Signal Normal

NTC is a Crystal. It is situated near the CPU. It also sends an NTC signal to the VRM chip. Check whether that reading coming via a Multimeter.

Check VCC 5 Volt and 12 Volt On VRM MOSFET

A MOSFET should be tracked for 5 Volt VCC and 12 volts for properly working. you can use a multimeter to check that.

Check Any MOSFET or Capacitor Is Short Or Open

Check whether any MOSFET Or Capacitor is short or open on the line of CPU power supply line. which means MOSFET or Capacitors are not in workable condition.

Replace VRM Chip  And Recheck CPU Core Voltage

VRM chip is nearest to the SMPS power supply. Check for voltage like VTT_PWRGD 3volt, VCC 5 volt are coming and producing PCH PWRDGD and a Hot Signal. If it’s not producing the signals then firstly replace the CPU and order new chips.  Then check after fitting that new chip whether CPU core voltage is coming or not.

Replace CPU and Recheck

Lastly, if everything fails replace a CPU and check whether all things are working. You can replace it with other second-hand CPUs in stock.

VRM Chip Pinouts For CPU Core Section Working For Desktop Motherboards

Below is the pin’s description of which power signal does what on the VRM chip in a desktop motherboard.

Signals Description
VDD Supply pin 5 volt
VCCP Supply pin 5 volt
VR_ON Enable signal to the chip
PGOOD VRM chip generates this signal when core voltage is ok
LGATE1 Lower MOSFET gate 1
LGATE2 Lowe MOSFET date 2
LGATE1G
ISEN CPU Current sensing pin
NTC Thermistor measures temperature.
VR HOT When the VRM section is hot the timing chip sends out this signal
SVID Voltage identification signal which CPU communicates with VRM chip.

Troubleshooting

Below is a troubleshooting guide for desktop chip level repair

  1. The Desktop Is Dead
  2. Desktop SMPS Not Working
  3. CPU Fan Spins And Stops Repeatedly
  4. Diagnostic Card For Desktop Check
  5. Where To Buy Instrument For Desktop repair

Thank you

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Regulated Power Supply In Motherboard

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Motherboard chips require normally 1.05volt, 1.5volt, 3.3volt, and 5-volt power supply. But, the Laptop Adapter Charger Repair gives 18 volts or 19 volts these volts to regulate. We can see them in the laptop chip level repair guide. Here we are going to see Regulated Power Supply In Motherboard. There are two types of regulated power supplies:

  1. Line regulator,
  2. Buck converter regulator

 

Linear Regulator Power Supply

Linear Regulator Power Supply Used In Motherboard

Linear component is used in a linear regulator to regulate the output. An example of a linear component is Resistive Load.

 

 

 

Buck Converter Power Supply

Buck Convertor In Regulated Power Suplly Used In Laptop Motherboard

A buck converter is a DC to DC power converter that steps down the voltage from its input to its output.

It is a class of switched-mode power supply typically containing at least two semiconductors and at least one energy storage element, a capacitor, coil, or the two in combination.

The circuit for the buck convertor operates by varying the amount of time in which the inductor receives energy from the source.

In the basic block diagram, the operation of the buck converter or buck regulator can be seen that the output voltage appearing across the load is sensed by the sense/error amplifier and an error voltage is generated that controls the switch.

Typically the switch is controlled by a pulse width modulator However, The switch remains longer as more current is drawn by the load.

Lastly, mostly there is a fixed frequency oscillator to drive the switching.

 

Typical Buck Converter

Below types of buck convertors are there in desktop and laptop motherboards.

In a buck converter, two MOSFETS use for switching voltages. One PWM chip uses to trigger these two MOSFET

alternatively.

Coil gets switching voltage as a load current. Capacitors use there to filter and store voltage.

That’s it guys, if you want to know about the basics of laptop repairing or brush up on them then you can check our basic guide for laptop repairing.

 

 

 

 

 

Finally, You can also check our other laptop preparing help guides.

 

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Laptop Desktop Repairing Architecture Structure

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Computer architecture is firstly made up of different components which we will give in online guide for structure of laptop for reparing.

When all the components are collectively represented then it’s called the entire computer architecture. Components present there has a variety like,

  1. CPU,
  2. NorthBridge,
  3. RAM,
  4. Hard Disk Drive,
  5. SouthBridge,
  6. BIOS,
  7. Super IO, etc.

In the following sections, we are going to see information about Computer architecture sections like:

  1. Bus Architecture,
  2. Form Factor,
  3. Chipset,
  4. Repair Flowchart,
  5. Schematic Diagram,

Computer Bus Architecture

Bus In Computer Architecture

In computer architecture, a bus is a communication system that transfers data between chips inside a motherboard, or between computers.

Secondly, This expression covers all related hardware components (wire, optical fiber, etc.) and software, including communication protocols.

Lastly, some common buses are FSB, DMI, SPI, LPC, etc.

Form Factor In Computer Architecture

form factor computer architecture

With the advancement in technology computer motherboard has been dramatically changed they differ in

  1. shape,
  2. size,
  3. compatibility,
  4. the capacity to hold the CPU.

There are many big companies which manufacture motherboards these days. They follow some common guidelines such as placement of CPU sockets, RAM slots, Expansion slots, USB, IDE, SATA Ports, and connectors.

These guidelines are called a Form Factor.

Role Of Chipset In Computer Architecture

Chipset In Laptop Motherboard

A chipset is a set of BGA chips known as a “Data Flow Management System”. Moreover, it manages the data flow between the CPU, RAM, BIOS, and peripherals. It is usually found on the motherboard.

Chipsets are usually designed to work with a specific family of processors.

Because it controls communication between the processor and external devices, the chipset plays a crucial role in determining system performance.

Secondly, The term chipset often refers to a specific pair of chips on the motherboard: the northbridge and the southbridge.

The northbridge links the CPU to very high-speed devices, especially RAM and graphics controllers, and the southbridge connects to lower-speed peripheral buses.

The southbridge contains some on-chip integrated peripherals, such as Ethernet, SATA, USB, and audio devices.

Newly, In some new generation motherboards, Intel merges the northbridge and southbridge other and makes a new chip called PCH which works both jobs.

Repair Flowchart

Repair Flowchart Computer Architecture

A flow chart is a combination of

  1. a common type of diagram, which represents an algorithm or process,
  2. showing the steps as boxes of various kinds,
  3. Order points 1 and 2 by connecting these with arrows.

Flowcharts are used in the career of laptop repairman to find out faults in laptop motherboard. To diagnose the motherboard you have to follow from top to bottom.

Schematic Diagram For Computer Architecture

Schematic Diagrams In Computer Architecture

When working with circuits, you will often find something called a schematic diagram.

These diagrams use symbols to illustrate electronic components in the circuit.

In conclusion, These symbols are graphic representations of the actual electronic components.

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Laptop Adapter Charger Repair

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A laptop adapter is made up of typically Lines filters, Bridge rectifiers, filter capacitors, MOSFETs, and transformers. We are going to see them in this guide for laptop adapter charger repair.

Before checking the adapter is faulty check for two things:

  1. The switch to which the adapter is connected is ok.
  2. The power button is ON.

In this paragraph, we are going to see them one by one. Mostly there are chances that the switch itself is problematic. In that case, first, check for the switch. also, check for the power button is working or not. Sometimes the button is not working which makes the current not pass in the adapter.

 

Laptop adapter charger pin connector

laptop connector pin wire

There is 3 measurement in the laptop adapter pin :

  1. Outer
  2. Inner
  3. Adapter ID pin

In this paragraph, we will see about them. The outer part is measurable for the ground. Secondly, the inner part is a positive charge. Lastly, the center part has a pin (in some laptops) which is called an Adapter ID pin, Which works as a sensor. Dell adapter connector has sensor adapter ID pin present.

 

 

 

Adapter Charger Repair Guide

In this paragraph, we are going to see assuming you have to check previous things. First up open the adapter from the case. You can use a small amount of petrol for opening the case of the adapter. Then remove the small plastics within it. Now you have the adapter which is open and completely free.

 

 

 

Check 300v DC On The Filter Capacitor

Capacitors in laptop chip level repairing

Firstly check whether a 300v current is coming on the filter capacitor. The work of the filter capacitor is to filter the current and pass the pure DC current without the mix of AC current.

If you are unable to find 300v around the filter capacitor then.

check the fuse and bridge rectifier. One of them or both in some cases may not be working in laptop charger.

 

 

 

Check 12v DC On PWM Chip VCC Pin

MOSFET in laptop chip level repairing

Secondly, check for the 12 volt DC current is coming or not on the VCC pin of PWM. It is important for the PWM chip to work 12v current.

Secondly, if the 12v DC current is not coming then check for resister which is also called “voltage provider resister”.

Resisters in laptop chip level repairing

 

 

 

Check for output Diode

Diode in laptop chip level repairing

A diode is one of the most used elements in motherboards. Moreover, they are connected mostly toward the end of circuits for laptop adapter circuits. If they found it not ok then carry yourself to the next paragraph.

If in any case laptop adapter circuit diodes are not working then do yourself a favor and replace them.

 

 

Check Switching MOSFET And Replace The PWM Chip

laptop adapter repair mosfets

MOSFET is one of the best components used in laptop motherboard manufacturing. Secondly, check for the PWM chip (Pulse Width Modulator Chip) if it is problematic.

IF you found out that the PWM chip or MOSFET is faulty then replace them.

 

There are multiple ways to do laptop adapter charger repair easily. For becoming good laptop repairman you must know laptop adapter repairing also.

 

 

 

 

 

 

You can also check our other laptop preparing help guides.

 

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